What Are Reflexes?
A reflex is an automatic response to a specific stimulus. Primitive phasic reflexes are typically quick, short-lasting reflexes while. Primitive tonic reflexes appear during infancy, some even before birth. Reflexes are assumed to help infants learn motor behavior essential to skills like crawling and feeding. When a reflex is "integrated" it means that the brain has "switched off" the reflex, so there is no longer an automatic response to the stimulus. Reflexes may fail to integrate due to underlying neurological or developmental issues, and this can cause motor skill delays or difficulty.
Phasic Primitive Reflexes
Rooting: When the corner of his mouth is stroked or touched, the infant will turn his head towards the stimulus. The purpose of this reflex is to help the infant find the bottle or breast to feed. Typically present from birth to 2-3 months.
Moro/"Startle" Reflex: The moro "startle" reflex occurs when the infant experiences a sudden movement or noise, such as her head dropping backwards. The infant responds by quickly extending her arms and legs and then pulling her limbs back in. Typically present from birth to 6 months.
Primary Stepping: Infant will initiate stepping motions when his foot touches a flat surface. Typically present from birth to 2 months.
Plantar/"Babinski": When the sole of an infant's foot or hand is stroked along the outside border, the infant will flex and withdraw her limb while her toes/fingers extend. Typically present from birth to 2 months.
Galant: When an infant is in a prone position (belly facing down) and the side of his back is stimulated, he will flex or twitch toward the stimulated side. Typically present from birth to 2 months.
Tonic Primitive Reflexes
Grasp: When pressure is placed into the palm or foot, the infant's fingers (or toes) will flex and seek to hold onto the stimulus. Typically present from birth to 6 months.
Tonic Labyrinthine: The "TLR" has to do with tone (tonic) and balance (labyrinthine). It occurs when the infant is lying prone (on tummy) or supine (on back). In prone, the infant will seek to flex her arms and legs. In supine, the infant will extend her arms and legs. Typically present from birth to 4 months.
Asymmetric Tonic Reflex: The "ATNR" or "Fencer's Position" reflex occurs when the infant's head is turned to one side. As the head turns, the arm and leg on the same side will extend and the arm and leg on the opposite side will flex. This reflex helps the infant twist and turn out of the birth canal. Typically present from utero to 6 months.
Symmetric Tonic Neck: The "ATNR" or "Fencer's Position" reflex occurs when the infant's head is turned to one side. As the head turns, the arm and leg on the same side will extend and the arm and leg on the opposite side will flex. This reflex helps the infant twist and turn out of the birth canal. Typically present from utero to 6 months.
Landau: The Landau, or "Superman," reflex occurs when a child is raised in prone (tummy facing down). When the child is raised and lowered in this position, his trunk, neck, limbs, and head will all extend. Typically present from 4 to 24 months.
REFERENCES
Infant reflexes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003292.htm
Newborn Reflexes—Health Encyclopedia—University of Rochester Medical Center. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2020, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P02630
Ssymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex—INPP. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.inpp.org.uk/intervention-adults-children/more-information/reflexes/asymmetrical-tonic-neck-reflex/
Primitive Motor Reflexes & Their Impact on a Child’s Function. (n.d.). Tools To Grow. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.toolstogrowot.com/blog/2016/01/11/primitive-motor-reflexes-their-impact-on-a-childs-function
Reflexes—INPP. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2020, from https://www.inpp.org.uk/intervention-adults-children/more-information/reflexes/
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR). (n.d.). Jeane Kolbe Occupational Therapy. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from http://www.jeanekolbe-ot.co.za/tipsandtricks/2018/3/13/tonic-labyrinthine-reflex-tlr
Class notes
Photo by Chayene Rafaela on Unsplash
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